In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, salt, and sugar (if using).

Add the cold butter to the flour mixture. Using your fingers or a pastry cutter, work the butter into the flour until it resembles coarse crumbs.

Slowly pour in the cold water or milk, a little at a time, and mix until the dough comes together. It should be slightly sticky but manageable. If needed, add additional flour or liquid in small increments to achieve the right consistency.

Transfer the dough to a lightly floured surface and knead it gently for a few minutes until it becomes smooth.

Divide the dough into small portions, about the size of a golf ball, and shape each portion into a ball.

In a large frying pan or skillet, heat enough vegetable oil to cover the dumplings over medium-high heat.

Once the oil is hot, carefully add the dumplings to the pan. Cook them for about 2-3 minutes on each side or until they turn golden brown and crispy.

Remove the fried dumplings from the pan and place them on a paper towel-lined plate to drain excess oil.

Serve the Jamaican Fried Dumplings warm alongside your favorite dish or enjoy them on their own as a delightful snack.